Water and Wastewater Minimization: the Aire and Calder Project

The reduction of the waste of raw materials at source using clean technologies, recycling, and good housekeeping has considerable benefits for both the environment and industry. A demonstration project on wastewater minimization was completed in 1995 in the Aire and Calder catchments of West Yorkshire. The findings indicated cost savings for eleven firms of over $3 million/annum and further opportunities which, when implemented, could realize another $1 million/annum. The reduction in the amount of wastewater discharged either to sewer or river was 27%, with a potential to increase to over 40%. The payback period for 63% of the waste minimization opportunities is less than one year and many involve only a small initial investment. Waste minimization when widely adopted has prospects for cutting industry's costs, reducing demand for water and reducing the volume of effluent produced.     

珠江三角洲城市水系统的可持续性评价

环境可持续性评价是规划建设可持续城市水系统的基础。为此，运用基于社会水循环的城市水系统环境可持续性评价方法，遴选了一组测评城市水系统环境可持续性的指标体系，并应用其对珠江三角洲地区城市水系统的环境可持续性进行了系统评价。结果表明：污(废)水处理率处于脆弱等级，提高污(废)水处理率应是珠江三角洲地区各城市维护其水系统环境可持续性的工作重心。     

Interpretation of the variability of levels of regional background aerosols in the Western Mediterranean

Results on interpretation of the variability of regional background PM levels in the Western Mediterranean basin (WMB) are presented. Mean PM levels recorded at Montseny, MSY (North-Eastern Spain) in the 2002-2007 period reached 17, 13 and 11 µg/m³ of PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁, respectively.The daily evolution of PM levels is regulated by the breeze circulation (mountain and sea breezes). PM levels are lower at the rural sites at night owing to the nocturnal drainage flows and to the lowering of the mixing layer height below the MSY high. These nocturnal low levels allowed us to estimate the continental background PM levels. At midday, the atmospheric pollutants accumulated in the pre-coastal depression are transported upwards by the breeze, increasing PM levels.Maximum PM₁₀ levels were recorded in summer, and February-March and November, and minimum values in the rest of the year coinciding with the highest frequency of Atlantic advection. PM peak episodes attributed to Saharan dust outbreaks were recorded in summer and February-March. In addition, anticyclonic situations (February-March and November) may impact in elevated rural areas by increasing hourly levels of PM₁ up to 75 µg/m³. This scenario induces the stagnation of pollutants in the pre-coastal depression. Solar radiation activates mountain winds, transporting polluted air masses from the valleys to elevated areas resulting in an increase of fine PM levels in areas outside the boundary layer.A significant decrease in PM annual means (40% and 34% for the entire monitoring period, 7 µgPM₁₀/m³ and 5 µgPM_2.5/m³) was recorded at MSY between 2002 and 2007. There appears to be no single cause behind these trends. This could partially be ascribed to the varying frequency and intensity of Saharan dust episodes, but also to large-scale meteorological processes or cycles, and/or to local or meso-scale processes such as nearby anthropogenic emission sources.     

草原人居环境保护与发展三元论 ——以新疆伊犁河谷为例

坚守"山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体"的理念,聚焦伊犁河谷草原人居环境背景资源、活动方式、规划建设的三元一体,将草原人居环境作为三元互动、不断成长的生命体,尝试寻找一种构建荒野、乡村、城市共存融合的草原人居环境保护与发展模式。以客观规律为依据,以主观需求为准绳,寻找及保留草原人居环境演化中相对稳定不变的基因,构建草原人居环境CVA三力评价体系,建立草原人居环境发展CVA量化模型,以求指导草原人居环境未来的保护与发展。推行这种模式不仅可为中国西部地区提供生态安全保障,也将使伊犁河谷成为多种人居环境生命共同体的典范。     

黄河淤泥承重砖砌体结构抗弯性能的试验研究

对黄河淤泥承重多孔砖砌体沿齿缝截面抗弯性能进行了测试,对试件的破坏过程、破坏特征和破坏形式进行了总结,为黄河淤泥承重多孔砖砌体进一步的研究和替代黏土砖推广使用奠定基础。     

受硝基苯污染松花江原水的应急处理工艺研究

针对受硝基苯污染的松花江原水,通过小试和生产性试验研究了粉末活性炭吸附协同高锰酸盐复合药剂（PPC）强化复合铝铁（PAF）混凝工艺对硝基苯的去除效果.小试结果表明,粉末活性炭（PAC）对硝基苯的吸附遵循一级反应动力学模型,达到吸附平衡大约需40 min,在硝基苯的平衡浓度为5.0μg/L时,PAC对其吸附容量大约为2 mg/g.根据试验结果,将PAC的投加点选在松花江饮用水源地,投加量为40 mg/L;当PPC的投量为0.3～0.5 mg/L时有明显的强化混凝效果.生产性试验的结果表明,当原水硝基苯浓度为25.9～66.2μg/L时,经PAC在取水管道中吸附约2 h后,进厂水的硝基苯浓度稳定在2μg/L以下,滤后水的硝基苯浓度＜1μg/L,滤后水的浊度在1 NTU左右。PAC预吸附协同PPC强化PAF混凝是控制受污染松花江水中硝基苯的一种有效应急工艺。     

HYDRAULICS, WATER QUALITY AND VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDWATER-FED OPEN DITCHES

A novel peatland management strategy to utilise the high nutrient-retention potential of degenerated peatlands has been implemented in Northern Germany. The effect of raised water levels and extensive land-use management on hydraulic properties, water quality and vegetation characteristics of heavily vegetated and groundwater-fed open ditches, was investigated at the River Elder Valley - a nationally important wetland case study. A better understanding of the effect of vegetation on the temporal flow patterns and the hydraulic retention times is of high scientific interest, especially for improving nutrient standards in lowland rivers. Within-ditch vegetation and other hydraulic obstructions, including accumulated silt and organic debris, increase the hydraulic retention time and lead to an improvement of the water quality along the open ditch. Lower parts of the open ditches were flooded by the River Elder, due to the absence of a mowing scheme during late summer     

"面向河道"的更新设计——新加坡河沿河地区城市更新解读

该文从城市设计的视角,分析新加坡河沿河建筑形态、街区尺度、交通系统、景观系统等方面所采用的设计手法,并提出新加坡河沿河地区的城市设计采用"面向河道"的更新策略.在分析过程中,注重考察和研究这些设计手法对社会经济的发展、传统文化的保护、城市环境的提升所产生的综合效益.     

南京外秦淮河综合整治工程实施后的城市形象变化之思考

南京外秦淮河综合整治工程实施为沿岸地区带来了良好的环境效应,同时也促使了西岸地带高楼密集局面的形成。文章分析了此类现象,呼吁在规划上应预留适当空地,设置公园、广场,并退让河岸一定距离建造楼房,控制沿岸建筑高度,为秦淮河两岸打造均衡优美的景观空间,使之成为南京真正的内河。     

住宅区小尺度室内外休憩空间的营造——以珠江三角洲小区为例

住宅区内的小尺度休憩空间 ,易于为居民把握并建立有效控制的空间 ,与居民日常活动有着密切的关系 .结合大量珠江三角洲商品住宅区的实例 ,着重探讨了住宅区室外、架空层、室内等三类小尺度公共休憩空间的设计和营造